# gridDataFormats --- python modules to read and write gridded data
# Copyright (c) 2009-2014 Oliver Beckstein <[email protected]>
# Released under the GNU Lesser General Public License, version 3 or later.
r"""
Core functionality for storing n-D grids --- :mod:`gridData.core`
=================================================================
The :mod:`core` module contains classes and functions that are
independent of the grid data format. In particular this module
contains the :class:`Grid` class that acts as a universal constructor
for specific formats::
g = Grid(**kwargs) # construct
g.export(filename, format) # export to the desired format
Some formats can also be read::
g = Grid() # make an empty Grid
g.load(filename) # populate with data from filename
Classes and functions
---------------------
"""
import os
import errno
import pickle
import numpy
# For interpolated grids: need scipy.ndimage but we import it only when needed:
# import scipy
from . import OpenDX
from . import gOpenMol
from . import mrc
def _grid(x):
"""Access the underlying ndarray of a Grid object or return the object itself"""
try:
return x.grid
except AttributeError:
return x
[docs]
class Grid(object):
"""A multidimensional grid object with origin and grid spacings.
:class:`Grid` objects can be used in arithmetical calculations
just like numpy arrays *if* they are compatible, i.e., they have
the same shapes and lengths. In order to make arrays compatible,
they an be resampled (:meth:`resample`) on a common grid.
The attribute :attr:`grid` that holds the data is a standard numpy
array and so the data can be directly manipulated.
Data can be read from a number of molecular volume/density formats
and written out in different formats with :meth:`export`.
Parameters
----------
grid : numpy.ndarray or str (optional)
Build the grid either from a histogram or density (a numpy nD
array) or read data from a filename.
edges : list (optional)
List of arrays, the lower and upper bin edges along the axes
(same as the output by :func:`numpy.histogramdd`)
origin : :class:`numpy.ndarray` (optional)
Cartesian coordinates of the center of grid position at index
``[0, 0, ..., 0]``.
delta : :class:`numpy.ndarray` (optional)
Either ``n x n`` array containing the cell lengths in each dimension,
or ``n x 1`` array for rectangular arrays.
metadata : dict (optional)
A user defined dictionary of arbitrary key/value pairs
associated with the density; the class does not touch
:attr:`metadata` but stores it with :meth:`save`
interpolation_spline_order : int (optional)
Order of interpolation function for resampling with
:func:`resample`; cubic splines = 3 and the default is 3
file_format : str (optional)
Name of the file format; only necessary when `grid` is a
filename (see :meth:`load`) and autodetection of the file
format fails. The default is ``None`` and normally the file
format is guessed from the file extension.
Raises
------
TypeError
If the dimensions of the various input data do not agree with
each other.
ValueError
If some of the required data are not provided in the keyword
arguments, e.g., if only the `grid` is supplied as an array but
not the `edges` or only `grid` and one of `origin` and `delta`.
NotImplementedError
If triclinic (non-orthorhombic) boxes are supplied in `delta`
.. Note:: `delta` can only be a 1D array of length :attr:`grid.ndim`
Attributes
----------
grid : :class:`numpy.ndarray`
This array can be any number of dimensions supported by NumPy
in order to represent high-dimensional data. When used with
data that represents real space densities then the **axis
convention in GridDataFormats** is that axis 0 corresponds to
the Cartesian :math:`x` component, axis 1 corresponds to the
:math:`y` component, and axis 2 to the :math:`z` component.
delta : :class:`numpy.ndarray`
Length of a grid cell (spacing or voxelsize) in :math:`x`,
:math:`y`, :math:`z` dimensions. This is a *1D array* with
length :attr:`Grid.grid.ndim`.
origin : :class:`numpy.ndarray`
Array with the Cartesian coordinates of the coordinate system
origin, the *center* of cell ``Grid.grid[0, 0, .., 0]``.
edges : list
List of arrays, one for each axis in :attr:`grid`. Each 1D edge
array describes the *edges* of the grid cells along the
corresponding axis. The length of an edge array for axis ``i``
is ``grid.shape[i] + 1`` because it contains the lower boundary
for the first cell, the boundaries between all grid cells, and
the upper boundary for the last cell. The edges are assumed to
be regular with spacing indicated in :attr:`delta`, namely
``Grid.delta[i]`` for axis ``i``.
midpoints : list
List of arrays, one for each axis in :attr:`grid`. Each 1D
midpoints array contains the *midpoints* of the grid cells along
the corresponding axis.
metadata : dict
A user-defined dictionary that can be used to annotate the
data. The content is not touched by :class:`Grid`. It is saved
together with the other data with :meth:`save`.
Example
-------
Create a Grid object from data.
From :func:`numpy.histogramdd`::
grid, edges = numpy.histogramdd(...)
g = Grid(grid, edges=edges)
From an arbitrary grid::
g = Grid(grid, origin=origin, delta=delta)
From a saved file::
g = Grid(filename)
or ::
g = Grid()
g.load(filename)
Notes
-----
In principle, the dimension (number of axes) is arbitrary but in
practice many formats only support three and almost all
functionality is only tested for this special case.
The :meth:`export` method with ``format='dx'`` always exports a 3D
object. Other methods might work for an array of any dimension (in
particular the Python pickle output).
.. versionchanged:: 0.5.0
New *file_format* keyword argument.
.. versionchanged:: 0.7.0
CCP4 files are now read with :class:`gridData.mrc.MRC` and not anymore
with the deprecated/buggy `ccp4.CCP4`
"""
#: Default format for exporting with :meth:`export`.
default_format = 'DX'
def __init__(self, grid=None, edges=None, origin=None, delta=None,
metadata=None, interpolation_spline_order=3,
file_format=None):
# file formats are guessed from extension == lower case key
self._exporters = {
'DX': self._export_dx,
'PKL': self._export_python,
'PICKLE': self._export_python, # compatibility
'PYTHON': self._export_python, # compatibility
}
self._loaders = {
'CCP4': self._load_mrc,
'MRC': self._load_mrc,
'DX': self._load_dx,
'PLT': self._load_plt,
'PKL': self._load_python,
'PICKLE': self._load_python, # compatibility
'PYTHON': self._load_python, # compatibility
}
self.metadata = metadata if metadata is not None else {}
self.__interpolated = None # cache for interpolated grid
self.__interpolation_spline_order = interpolation_spline_order
self.interpolation_cval = None # default to using min(grid)
if grid is not None:
if isinstance(grid, str):
# can probably safely try to load() it...
filename = grid
else:
try:
# Can we read this as a file?
# Use str(x) to work with py.path.LocalPath and pathlib.Path instances
# even for Python < 3.6
with open(str(grid), 'rb'):
pass
except (OSError, IOError):
# no, this is probably an array-like thingy
filename = None
else:
# yes, let's use it as a file
filename = str(grid)
if filename is not None:
self.load(filename, file_format=file_format)
else:
self._load(grid, edges, metadata, origin, delta)
@property
def interpolation_spline_order(self):
"""Order of the B-spline interpolation of the data.
3 = cubic; 4 & 5 are also supported
Only choose values that are acceptable to
:func:`scipy.ndimage.spline_filter`!
See Also
--------
interpolated
"""
return self.__interpolation_spline_order
@interpolation_spline_order.setter
def interpolation_spline_order(self, x):
"""Setting the ``interpolation_spline_order`` updates :func:`interpolated`
Because we cache the interpolation function, we need to rebuild the
cache whenever the interpolation order changes: this is
handled by :meth:`_update`
"""
self.__interpolation_spline_order = x
self._update()
[docs]
def resample(self, edges):
"""Resample data to a new grid with edges *edges*.
This method creates a new grid with the data from the current
grid resampled to a regular grid specified by `edges`. The
order of the interpolation is set by
:attr:`Grid.interpolation_spline_order`: change the value
*before* calling :meth:`resample`.
Parameters
----------
edges : tuple of arrays or Grid
edges of the new grid or a :class:`Grid` instance that
provides :attr:`Grid.edges`
Returns
-------
Grid
a new :class:`Grid` with the data interpolated over the
new grid cells
Examples
--------
Providing `edges` (a tuple of three arrays, indicating the
boundaries of each grid cell)::
g = grid.resample(edges)
As a convenience, one can also supply another :class:`Grid` as
the argument for this method ::
g = grid.resample(othergrid)
and the edges are taken from :attr:`Grid.edges`.
"""
try:
edges = edges.edges # can also supply another Grid
except AttributeError:
pass
midpoints = self._midpoints(edges)
coordinates = ndmeshgrid(*midpoints)
# feed a meshgrid to generate all points
newgrid = self.interpolated(*coordinates)
return self.__class__(newgrid, edges)
[docs]
def resample_factor(self, factor):
"""Resample to a new regular grid.
Parameters
----------
factor : float
The number of grid cells are scaled with `factor` in each
dimension, i.e., ``factor * N_i`` cells along each
dimension i. Must be positive, and cannot result in fewer
than 2 cells along a dimension.
Returns
-------
interpolated grid : Grid
The resampled data are represented on a :class:`Grid` with the new
grid cell sizes.
See Also
--------
resample
.. versionchanged:: 0.6.0
Previous implementations would not alter the range of the grid edges
being resampled on. As a result, values at the grid edges would creep
steadily inward. The new implementation recalculates the extent of
grid edges for every resampling.
"""
if float(factor) <= 0:
raise ValueError("Factor must be positive")
# Determine current spacing
spacing = (numpy.array(self._max_edges()) - numpy.array(self._min_edges())) / (
-1 + numpy.array(self._len_edges()))
# First guess at the new spacing is inversely related to the
# magnification factor.
newspacing = spacing / float(factor)
smidpoints = numpy.array(self._midpoints())
# We require that the new spacing result in an even subdivision of the
# existing midpoints
newspacing = (smidpoints[:, -1] - smidpoints[:, 0]) / (numpy.maximum(
1, numpy.floor((smidpoints[:, -1] - smidpoints[:, 0]) / newspacing)))
# How many edge points should there be? It is the number of intervals
# between midpoints + 2
edgelength = 2 + \
numpy.round((smidpoints[:, -1] - smidpoints[:, 0]) / newspacing)
edges = [numpy.linspace(start, stop, num=int(N), endpoint=True) for (start, stop, N) in zip(
smidpoints[:, 0] - 0.5 * newspacing, smidpoints[:, -1] + 0.5 * newspacing, edgelength)]
return self.resample(edges)
def _update(self):
"""compute/update all derived data
Can be called without harm and is idem-potent.
Updates these attributes and methods:
:attr:`origin`
the center of the cell with index 0,0,0
:attr:`midpoints`
centre coordinate of each grid cell
:meth:`interpolated`
spline interpolation function that can generated a value for
coordinate
"""
self.delta = numpy.array(list(
map(lambda e: (e[-1] - e[0]) / (len(e) - 1), self.edges)))
self.midpoints = self._midpoints(self.edges)
self.origin = numpy.array(list(map(lambda m: m[0], self.midpoints)))
if self.__interpolated is not None:
# only update if we are using it
self.__interpolated = self._interpolationFunctionFactory()
@property
def interpolated(self):
"""B-spline function over the data grid(x,y,z).
The :func:`interpolated` function allows one to obtain data
values for any values of the coordinates::
interpolated([x1,x2,...],[y1,y2,...],[z1,z2,...]) -> F[x1,y1,z1],F[x2,y2,z2],...
The interpolation order is set in
:attr:`Grid.interpolation_spline_order`.
The interpolated function is computed once and is cached for better
performance. Whenever :attr:`~Grid.interpolation_spline_order` is
modified, :meth:`Grid.interpolated` is recomputed.
The value for unknown data is set in :attr:`Grid.interpolation_cval`
(TODO: also recompute when ``interpolation_cval`` value is changed.)
Example
-------
Example usage for resampling::
XX, YY, ZZ = numpy.mgrid[40:75:0.5, 96:150:0.5, 20:50:0.5]
FF = interpolated(XX, YY, ZZ)
Note
----
Values are interpolated with a spline function. It is possible
that the spline will generate values that would not normally
appear in the data. For example, a density is non-negative but
a cubic spline interpolation can generate negative values,
especially at the boundary between 0 and high values.
Internally, the function uses :func:`scipy.ndimage.map_coordinates`
with ``mode="constant"`` whereby interpolated values outside
the interpolated grid are determined by filling all values beyond
the edge with the same constant value, defined by the
:attr:`interpolation_cval` parameter, which when not set defaults
to the minimum value in the interpolated grid.
.. versionchanged:: 0.6.0
Interpolation outside the grid is now performed with
``mode="constant"`` rather than ``mode="nearest"``, eliminating
extruded volumes when interpolating beyond the grid.
"""
if self.__interpolated is None:
self.__interpolated = self._interpolationFunctionFactory()
return self.__interpolated
def _map_edges(self, func, edges=None):
if edges is None:
edges = self.edges
return [func(e) for e in edges]
def _midpoints(self, edges=None):
return self._map_edges(lambda e: 0.5 * (e[:-1] + e[1:]), edges=edges)
def _len_edges(self, edges=None):
return self._map_edges(len, edges=edges)
def _min_edges(self, edges=None):
return self._map_edges(numpy.min, edges=edges)
def _max_edges(self, edges=None):
return self._map_edges(numpy.max, edges=edges)
def _guess_format(self, filename, file_format=None, export=True):
if export:
available = self._exporters
else:
available = self._loaders
if file_format is None:
splitted = os.path.splitext(filename)
if splitted[1][1:] in ('gz', ):
file_format = os.path.splitext(splitted[0])[1][1:]
else:
file_format = splitted[1][1:]
file_format = file_format.upper()
if not file_format:
file_format = self.default_format
if file_format not in available:
raise ValueError(
"File format {} not available, choose one of {}".format(
file_format, available.keys()))
return file_format
def _get_exporter(self, filename, file_format=None):
return self._exporters[self._guess_format(filename,
file_format=file_format,
export=True)]
def _get_loader(self, filename, file_format=None):
return self._loaders[self._guess_format(filename,
file_format=file_format,
export=False)]
def _load(
self,
grid=None,
edges=None,
metadata=None,
origin=None,
delta=None):
if edges is not None:
# set up from histogramdd-type data
self.grid = numpy.asanyarray(grid)
self.edges = edges
self._update()
elif origin is not None and delta is not None:
# setup from generic data
origin = numpy.asanyarray(origin)
delta = numpy.asanyarray(delta)
if len(origin) != grid.ndim:
raise TypeError(
"Dimension of origin is not the same as grid dimension.")
if delta.shape == () and numpy.isreal(delta):
delta = numpy.ones(grid.ndim) * delta
elif delta.ndim > 1:
raise NotImplementedError(
"Non-rectangular grids are not supported.")
elif len(delta) != grid.ndim:
raise TypeError("delta should be scalar or array-like of"
"len(grid.ndim)")
# note that origin is CENTER so edges must be shifted by -0.5*delta
self.edges = [origin[dim] +
(numpy.arange(m + 1) - 0.5) * delta[dim]
for dim, m in enumerate(grid.shape)]
self.grid = numpy.asanyarray(grid)
self._update()
else:
raise ValueError(
"Wrong/missing data to set up Grid. Use Grid() or "
"Grid(grid=<array>, edges=<list>) or "
"Grid(grid=<array>, origin=(x0, y0, z0), delta=(dx, dy, dz)):\n"
"grid={0} edges={1} origin={2} delta={3}".format(
grid, edges, origin, delta))
[docs]
def load(self, filename, file_format=None):
"""Load saved grid and edges from `filename`
The :meth:`load` method calls the class's constructor method and
completely resets all values, based on the loaded data.
"""
filename = str(filename)
if not os.path.exists(filename):
# check before we try to detect the file type because
# _guess_fileformat() does not work well with things that
# are not really a file
raise IOError(errno.ENOENT, "file not found", filename)
loader = self._get_loader(filename, file_format=file_format)
loader(filename)
def _load_python(self, filename):
with open(filename, 'rb') as f:
saved = pickle.load(f)
self._load(grid=saved['grid'],
edges=saved['edges'],
metadata=saved['metadata'])
def _load_mrc(self, filename):
"""Initializes Grid from a MRC/CCP4 file."""
mrcfile = mrc.MRC(filename)
grid, edges = mrcfile.histogramdd()
self._load(grid=grid, edges=edges, metadata=self.metadata)
# Store header for access from Grid object (undocumented)
# https://github.com/MDAnalysis/GridDataFormats/pull/100#discussion_r782604833
self._mrc_header = mrcfile.header.copy()
def _load_dx(self, filename):
"""Initializes Grid from a OpenDX file."""
dx = OpenDX.field(0)
dx.read(filename)
grid, edges = dx.histogramdd()
self._load(grid=grid, edges=edges, metadata=self.metadata)
def _load_plt(self, filename):
"""Initialize Grid from gOpenMol plt file."""
g = gOpenMol.Plt()
g.read(filename)
grid, edges = g.histogramdd()
self._load(grid=grid, edges=edges, metadata=self.metadata)
[docs]
def export(self, filename, file_format=None, type=None, typequote='"'):
"""export density to file using the given format.
The format can also be deduced from the suffix of the filename
although the `file_format` keyword takes precedence.
The default format for :meth:`export` is 'dx'. Use 'dx' for
visualization.
Implemented formats:
dx
:mod:`OpenDX`
pickle
pickle (use :meth:`Grid.load` to restore); :meth:`Grid.save`
is simpler than ``export(format='python')``.
Parameters
----------
filename : str
name of the output file
file_format : {'dx', 'pickle', None} (optional)
output file format, the default is "dx"
type : str (optional)
for DX, set the output DX array type, e.g., "double" or "float".
By default (``None``), the DX type is determined from the numpy
dtype of the array of the grid (and this will typically result in
"double").
.. versionadded:: 0.4.0
typequote : str (optional)
For DX, set the character used to quote the type string;
by default this is a double-quote character, '"'.
Custom parsers like the one from NAMD-GridForces (backend for MDFF)
expect no quotes, and typequote='' may be used to appease them.
.. versionadded:: 0.5.0
"""
filename = str(filename)
exporter = self._get_exporter(filename, file_format=file_format)
exporter(filename, type=type, typequote=typequote)
# note: the _export_FORMAT() methods all take the filename as a mandatory
# argument. They can process kwargs but they are not required to do
# so. However, they must ignore any kwargs that they are not processing.
def _export_python(self, filename, **kwargs):
"""Pickle the Grid object
The object is dumped as a dictionary with grid and edges: This
is sufficient to recreate the grid object with ``__init__()``.
"""
data = dict(grid=self.grid, edges=self.edges, metadata=self.metadata)
with open(filename, 'wb') as f:
pickle.dump(data, f, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
def _export_dx(self, filename, type=None, typequote='"', **kwargs):
"""Export the density grid to an OpenDX file.
The file format is the simplest regular grid array and it is
also understood by VMD's and Chimera's DX reader; PyMOL
requires the dx `type` to be set to "double".
For the file format see
http://opendx.sdsc.edu/docs/html/pages/usrgu068.htm#HDREDF
"""
root, ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
filename = root + '.dx'
comments = [
'OpenDX density file written by gridDataFormats.Grid.export()',
'File format: http://opendx.sdsc.edu/docs/html/pages/usrgu068.htm#HDREDF',
'Data are embedded in the header and tied to the grid positions.',
'Data is written in C array order: In grid[x,y,z] the axis z is fastest',
'varying, then y, then finally x, i.e. z is the innermost loop.']
# write metadata in comments section
if self.metadata:
comments.append('Meta data stored with the python Grid object:')
for k in self.metadata:
comments.append(' ' + str(k) + ' = ' + str(self.metadata[k]))
comments.append(
'(Note: the VMD dx-reader chokes on comments below this line)')
components = dict(
positions=OpenDX.gridpositions(1, self.grid.shape, self.origin,
self.delta),
connections=OpenDX.gridconnections(2, self.grid.shape),
data=OpenDX.array(3, self.grid, type=type, typequote=typequote),
)
dx = OpenDX.field('density', components=components, comments=comments)
if ext == '.gz':
filename = root + ext
dx.write(filename)
[docs]
def save(self, filename):
"""Save a grid object to `filename` and add ".pickle" extension.
Internally, this calls
``Grid.export(filename, format="python")``. A grid can be
regenerated from the saved data with ::
g = Grid(filename="grid.pickle")
.. note::
The pickle format depends on the Python version and
therefore it is not guaranteed that a grid saved with, say,
Python 2.7 can also be read with Python 3.5. The OpenDX format
is a better alternative for portability.
"""
self.export(filename, file_format="pickle")
[docs]
def centers(self):
"""Returns the coordinates of the centers of all grid cells as an iterator.
See Also
--------
:func:`numpy.ndindex`
"""
for idx in numpy.ndindex(self.grid.shape):
yield self.delta * numpy.array(idx) + self.origin
[docs]
def check_compatible(self, other):
"""Check if `other` can be used in an arithmetic operation.
`other` is compatible if
1) `other` is a scalar
2) `other` is a grid defined on the same edges
In order to make `other` compatible, resample it on the same
grid as this one using :meth:`resample`.
Parameters
----------
other : Grid or float or int
Another object to be used for standard arithmetic
operations with this :class:`Grid`
Raises
------
TypeError
if not compatible
See Also
--------
:meth:`resample`
"""
if not (numpy.isreal(other) or self == other):
raise TypeError(
"The argument cannot be arithmetically combined with the grid. "
"It must be a scalar or a grid with identical edges. "
"Use Grid.resample(other.edges) to make a new grid that is "
"compatible with other.")
return True
def _interpolationFunctionFactory(self, spline_order=None, cval=None):
"""Returns a function F(x,y,z) that interpolates any values on the grid.
_interpolationFunctionFactory(self,spline_order=3,cval=None) --> F
*cval* is set to :meth:`Grid.grid.min`. *cval* cannot be chosen too
large or too small or NaN because otherwise the spline interpolation
breaks down near that region and produces wild oscillations.
.. Note:: Only correct for equally spaced values (i.e. regular edges with
constant delta).
.. SeeAlso:: http://www.scipy.org/Cookbook/Interpolation
"""
# for scipy >=0.9: should use scipy.interpolate.griddata
# http://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.interpolate.griddata.html#scipy.interpolate.griddata
# (does it work for nD?)
import scipy.ndimage
if spline_order is None:
# must be compatible with whatever
# :func:`scipy.ndimage.spline_filter` takes.
spline_order = self.interpolation_spline_order
if cval is None:
cval = self.interpolation_cval
data = self.grid
if cval is None:
cval = data.min()
try:
# masked arrays, fill with min: should keep spline happy
_data = data.filled(cval)
except AttributeError:
_data = data
coeffs = scipy.ndimage.spline_filter(_data, order=spline_order)
x0 = self.origin
dx = self.delta
def _transform(cnew, c0, dc):
return (numpy.atleast_1d(cnew) - c0) / dc
def interpolatedF(*coordinates):
"""B-spline function over the data grid(x,y,z).
interpolatedF([x1,x2,...],[y1,y2,...],[z1,z2,...]) -> F[x1,y1,z1],F[x2,y2,z2],...
Example usage for resampling::
>>> XX,YY,ZZ = numpy.mgrid[40:75:0.5, 96:150:0.5, 20:50:0.5]
>>> FF = _interpolationFunction(XX,YY,ZZ)
"""
_coordinates = numpy.array(
[_transform(coordinates[i], x0[i], dx[i]) for i in range(len(
coordinates))])
return scipy.ndimage.map_coordinates(coeffs,
_coordinates,
prefilter=False,
mode='constant',
cval=cval)
return interpolatedF
def __eq__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, Grid):
return False
return numpy.all(
other.grid == self.grid) and numpy.all(
other.origin == self.origin) and numpy.all(
numpy.all(
other_edge == self_edge) for other_edge,
self_edge in zip(
other.edges,
self.edges))
def __ne__(self, other):
return not self.__eq__(other)
def __add__(self, other):
self.check_compatible(other)
return self.__class__(self.grid + _grid(other), edges=self.edges)
def __sub__(self, other):
self.check_compatible(other)
return self.__class__(self.grid - _grid(other), edges=self.edges)
def __mul__(self, other):
self.check_compatible(other)
return self.__class__(self.grid * _grid(other), edges=self.edges)
def __truediv__(self, other):
self.check_compatible(other)
return self.__class__(self.grid / _grid(other), edges=self.edges)
def __floordiv__(self, other):
self.check_compatible(other)
return self.__class__(self.grid // _grid(other), edges=self.edges)
def __pow__(self, other):
self.check_compatible(other)
return self.__class__(
numpy.power(
self.grid,
_grid(other)),
edges=self.edges)
def __radd__(self, other):
self.check_compatible(other)
return self.__class__(_grid(other) + self.grid, edges=self.edges)
def __rsub__(self, other):
self.check_compatible(other)
return self.__class__(_grid(other) - self.grid, edges=self.edges)
def __rmul__(self, other):
self.check_compatible(other)
return self.__class__(_grid(other) * self.grid, edges=self.edges)
def __rtruediv__(self, other):
self.check_compatible(other)
return self.__class__(_grid(other) / self.grid, edges=self.edges)
def __rfloordiv__(self, other):
self.check_compatible(other)
return self.__class__(_grid(other) // self.grid, edges=self.edges)
def __rpow__(self, other):
self.check_compatible(other)
return self.__class__(
numpy.power(
_grid(other),
self.grid),
edges=self.edges)
def __repr__(self):
try:
bins = self.grid.shape
except AttributeError:
bins = "no"
return '<{0} with {1!r} bins>'.format(self.__class__, bins)
[docs]
def ndmeshgrid(*arrs):
"""Return a mesh grid for N dimensions.
The input are N arrays, each of which contains the values along one axis of
the coordinate system. The arrays do not have to have the same number of
entries. The function returns arrays that can be fed into numpy functions
so that they produce values for *all* points spanned by the axes *arrs*.
Original from
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1827489/numpy-meshgrid-in-3d and fixed.
.. SeeAlso: :func:`numpy.meshgrid` for the 2D case.
"""
# arrs = tuple(reversed(arrs)) <-- wrong on stackoverflow.com
arrs = tuple(arrs)
lens = list(map(len, arrs))
dim = len(arrs)
sz = 1
for s in lens:
sz *= s
ans = []
for i, arr in enumerate(arrs):
slc = [1] * dim
slc[i] = lens[i]
arr2 = numpy.asanyarray(arr).reshape(slc)
for j, sz in enumerate(lens):
if j != i:
arr2 = arr2.repeat(sz, axis=j)
ans.append(arr2)
return tuple(ans)